The axolotl , an extraordinary amphibian, is becoming a global icon—captivating hearts in laboratories, becoming an exotic pet, and even making an appearance in Minecraft. However, this remarkable creature’s natural home is rapidly vanishing. An exhaustive census last conducted in 2014 revealed that only 36 of these unique animals existed in the canals of Xochimilco , located south of Mexico City . Nearly a decade later, a new search is underway, and researchers are racing against time to prevent this amphibian from slipping into extinction.
The question on everyone’s lips is whether any axolotls still inhabit these waters. In 1998, Xochimilco’s canals brimmed with about 6,000 axolotls per square kilometer. A decade later, the count dropped dramatically to merely 100 . Now, the Ecological Restoration Laboratory at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) is wondering if these creatures can still be found in their native habitat .
Searching through networks and DNA has become a new focal point for researchers. Each morning, as magical mists rise over the canals, Basilio Rodríguez , a local fisherman, casts his net—not in search of fish, but in hopes of capturing an axolotl, which he recalls tasting “smooth, soft, and juicy.” However, his nets return filled with nothing but invasive species like tilapias , which are partly responsible for the axolotls’ decline.
However, traditional fishing is not the only strategy being implemented. There is growing hope centered on environmental DNA analysis , a pioneering technique that allows scientists to collect water samples for genetic traces left by axolotls. This method presents a viable opportunity to safeguard this beloved species, particularly in light of the challenges in finding any living specimens.
The regenerative abilities of this amphibian add to its mystique. The axolotl is primarily known for its neoteny , which allows it to remain in a larval state throughout its life. This unique trait, coupled with its remarkable stem cells, provides it with the awe-inspiring ability to regenerate lost body parts—including legs, brain fragments, and heart tissue—within hours .
A species teetering on the brink of extinction faces numerous challenges. Invasive species are one of the leading causes of their demise, as they prey on the eggs and compete for resources. Urbanization, agricultural pesticides, and pollution have also severely degraded the water quality in Xochimilco. Noise and tourism further threaten their existence, as these nocturnal creatures thrive in peaceful environments, making the influx of visitors detrimental to their habitat.
Global recognition and local absence has characteristically characterized the axolotl. As it vanishes from its wild habitat, its popularity skyrockets internationally due to its unique regenerative abilities, which are vital in research related to aging and cancer . The adorable appearance of the axolotl has spawned merchandise ranging from T-shirts to plush toys.
Yet, experts warn that simply having thousands of axolotls in captivity—many of which are albino and genetically modified for research—will not be enough to save the species. Restoration of their natural habitat is essential, a daunting task estimated to cost approximately 30 million euros , according to researcher Luis Zambrano .
A rescue plan is already in motion. Given the impracticality of cleaning all of Xochimilco at once, the UNAM team has initiated an inventive Plan B: to create axolotl shelters. In collaboration with local farmers, known as Chinamperos , who cultivate crops on artificial islands, the objective is to restore chinampas while surrounding them with moats and filters to keep out tilapia. This approach provides a secure environment for reintroducing axolotls raised in captivity, ensuring they maintain genetic purity reflective of their wild ancestors.
Funding is essential for execution. To facilitate this ambitious project, UNAM has launched a campaign called “Adopt an Axolotl.” For around 30 euros , anyone can virtually adopt one of the 140 axolotls residing within their center. Participants can name their adopted axolotl and contribute to funding the creation of these essential shelters, a campaign which has already generated four million pesos in revenue.
Extinction affects many species, not just the axolotl. In Spain, for instance, a significant number of species face similar threats, particularly in the Canary Islands , known for its biodiversity. Extinction caused by invasive species and human activities has become a pressing concern globally, echoing narratives from regions like Brazil .
Images Credit: Mattias Banguese
In these challenging times, concerted efforts to adopt and restore environments are crucial for the axolotl’s survival, reflecting a wider trend of embracing conservation across the globe.