Lyme disease is the most common disease ticks can carry. It is caused by Lyme disease bacteria, and in Europe at least five subtypes are known that can cause disease in humans. The most common and perhaps the only symptom of Lyme disease is a reddish rash, erythema migrans, that grows over the tick bite. The rash can appear 3-30 days after a tick bite. At least 7,000 Norwegians get Erythema migrans every year. This is a mild local infection that sometimes forms a reddish ring. The infection is in the skin, and the recommended treatment is penicillin. Erythema migrans accounts for more than 90 percent of all Lyme disease cases. Between five and ten percent of those who get Lyme disease get a more serious infection. The symptoms of this typically occur acutely, one to two months after the tick bite. The most common is neuroborreliosis, which is a Lyme infection of the nervous system. Some people get a reddish rash first, but many remember neither the tick bite nor the rash. Typical symptoms are nerve pain and changes in sensation in the skin in the painful areas. Some also develop paralysis and difficulties with strength and coordination. Hemifacial paralysis due to inflammation of the facial nerve is most common, especially in children. Neuroborreliosis can also cause inflammation of the meninges with symptoms such as headache, lightheadedness, neck stiffness, laxity and fatigue. The borrelia bacteria can also cause inflammation in other organs such as joints (borrelia arthritis) and heart (borrelia carditis). Treatment is antibiotics. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE/tick-borne encephalitis) is caused by a virus. There is great variation in the disease picture. Some get no symptoms, while others become very ill. They may experience severe headache, fever, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, muscle pain and paralysis. There is no treatment for this disease, but a preventive vaccine. FHI recommends that children and adults who spend a lot of time outdoors in the highest risk areas (Agder, Telemark, Buskerud and Vestfold) and who are often bitten by ticks should consider the TBE vaccine. In 2020, 41 cases of TBE were reported. Anaplasmosis is caused by a bacterium. It is also called sjodogg and has been a known animal disease in Norway for several hundred years and can cause disease in other species such as cattle, goats, horses, dogs and cats. Treatment is antibiotics. Babesiosis is caused by a parasite. It is more common in cattle than in humans. Treatment is antibiotics or antimalarial drugs. Neoerlichiosis is caused by a bacterium. The first case of the disease was discovered in Norway only in 2016. Treatment is antibiotics. The risk of getting sick after a tick bite is low, about two percent. Source: The tick centre
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